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Opinion-editorials decyphered - 2 February 2006
Russia: George Soros’ great offensive reveals the emergency of the energy situation

Decyphering

On January 23rd, the FSB, the Russian intelligence service, announced that it had discovered a network of British spies who worked in the British embassy in Moscow. Then, the FSB said that the identified agents had contacts with Russian organizations that claim to work in the defense of Human Rights. But this revelation was not made in a politically neutral moment. The agents were discovered in late 2005 but the agents were unmasked when they are supposed to approve a law to strengthen the state’s control over associations financed from abroad. This law is presented in the western mainstream media as a new obstacle to democratic freedoms established by an ever more authoritarian Kremlin, while Moscow affirms that its goal is to prevent destabilizing operations organized by foreign states through NGOs.
Oddly enough, the western media have given little space for the issue of the false NGOs in their “opinion” pages. On the contrary, they have echoed the Russia-Ukraine controversy on the gas price, always from an approach adverse to Russia. In this campaign, the work of Project Syndicate – a staff for the spread of articles financed by George Soros’s Open Society Institute, an organization threatened by the Russian law of associations, like others financed by the American millionaire - is significant.
As it is hard to believe that the disclosure of the activities of British spies by the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) is just a coincidence of the calendar, it is certainly very unlikely that the activities of Project Syndicate on the Ukrainian issue are not a veiled response.
Thus, the staff of George Soros spreads texts in affiliated media questioning the Russian energy policy and the political orientation of the country. Considering their audience and the effect of their reiteration, it is easy to understand that the arguments presented by Project Syndicate have an impact not only on public opinion but also on the analysts who usually deal with these topics.

Alexander Etkind, professor of Russian studies at the University of Cambridge, describes the Russian government in the Taipei Times, La Vanguardia, the Korea Herald, the Daily Star, the Daily Times and certainly in other media outlets, as an archaic and even “evil” regime. He affirms that Moscow’s arrogance in its controversy with Kiev has revealed the true nature of the Kremlin in the “West”. Etkind affirms that, today, the Russian oil and gas only serve a reduced minority that gets richer and richer and bases its power in the harassment against intellectuals and the opposition. The Kremlin would be seeking to build a sub-educated society that can be controlled, limiting itself to buying foreign technology. In order to fight this trend, the author urges western societies to mobilize and to boycott Russian energy raw materials.

The usual readers of our articles have not been taken by surprise by this increase of tensions regarding world energy and, in this sense, the controversy of the Russian gas is foreseeable. Indeed, Voltaire Network has described these circumstances, mainly linked to the reserves and world distribution of hydrocarbons, and symbolized by “peak oil”, that is, the point beyond which the main and more versatile energy source of our civilization, oil, will inevitably decrease in quantity and quality. In addition, the traditional diversity of supply sources will be replaced in the future by an ever-increasing dependence of highly-consuming countries on the Middle East and Russia. This phenomenon has a clear example in the current tensions between Iran, Russia and Iraq, on one side – three of the four countries with the largest reserves of oil and gas – and the Atlantist countries, motivated by their way of consumption and economic dominance, traditionally based on the control of cheap and abundant energy.
The virulence of the articles currently being published thus tends to mask the true causes of the problem, taking advantage of the lack of information of a reader who, even if he has a post of responsibility in the public or private sector, may not be aware of the underlying geological pressures. So, it is very easy to portray Vladimir Putin or Mahmud Ahmadineyad as totalitarian leaders, while they carry out very popular policies that consist of nationalizing the huge profits generated by hydrocarbon prices to re-distribute them later. Of course, the recent social measures taken in Russia, including the increase of minimum social funds, have been ignored by the Atlantist media. The same phenomenon is taking place in Venezuela (and very soon in Bolivia), in this case also with a popular movement, but without any political complexes and openly socialist, which makes it more difficult to ignore.
The financial elites of consuming countries make strong political pressures aiming at obstructing the nationalization of profits in hydrocarbon producing countries as it implies less revenues for stockholders of the big western oil companies that, at the same time, feed national budgets. The increasing aggressiveness against the above mentioned leaders, in articles promoted by speculators like George Soros, is taking place in the context of this pressures by the financial groups and makes their role clearer in the mechanics of war.

In a more virulent way, a former assistant to the US Defense Secretary, Democrat Joseph S. Nye, also called on a article by Project Syndicate published by the Korea Herald and the Daily Star, to diversify the European energy sources.

The former Ukrainian Prime Minister and former hydrocarbon magnate, Yulia Tymoshenko, is less interested in the nature of the Russian regime than she is in the relation between Kiev and Moscow. Thus, she denounces in the Taipei Times, the Daily Times and El Tiempo Russia’s refusal to find other alternatives than the RosEkrEnergo company, in charge of supplying Ukraine with the gas coming from Central Asia, which goes through Russia. It also criticizes the construction of a gas pipeline crossing the Baltic Sea to directly supply gas to the Western European countries without passing through Eastern Europe. In her opinion, this pipeline is a strategy that allows Russia to interrupt its gas supply to the former communist countries without losing the profits of its supply to the western countries. It is the same argument already used by former Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis, in an article also spread by Project Syndicate. Thus, the former Ukrainian Prime Minister believes that it is necessary to denounce the Russian-Ukrainian agreement and to accelerate Ukraine’s integration to Europe in order to avoid Russia’s control over that country.
This point of view is commented in the Moscow Times by former Swedish diplomat Anders Aslund. The author is an expert of Project Syndicate (although this text has not been spread by this organization), who signed the call of the 115 Atlantists against Vladimir Putin and a former crawler of the “orange revolution”. Aslund continues the comments of the former Ukrainian Prime Minister in regards with the RosUkrEnergo company and says that the agreement reached by Moscow and Kiev only solves the gas problem in the next six months. However, being less bitter than Mrs. Tymoshenko, he affirms that the agreement is favorable to Ukraine. In his opinion, if Tymoshenko’s party abandoned the Ukrainian government in this issue it was because they are now the opposition, not because it is a bad deal for Ukraine. Thus, without challenging the accusations of funds diversion made by the ex muse of the “orange revolution”, he grants Viktor Yushchenko the benefit of the doubt as to his negotiations with Russia.

The former president of the Aspen Institute, Frederick Starr, and the former Georgian Economy Minister Vladimer Papava, show their concern in the Korea Herald, the Daily Star and the Taipei Times about the influence that the Russian gas gives to Moscow in Armenia and Georgia. They beg “western” countries to help Georgia prevent Gazprom from buying the pipeline that supplies gas to Georgia and Armenia in order to avoid that these countries fall in Russia’s orbit.
After the publication of this article the pipeline exploded due to an attack on that weekend, with Georgia openly accusing Moscow. These points of view face a crude geological reality. With half of the natural gas world reserves, Russia controls the regional market, specially considering that the transportation of gas requires an important infrastructure. The presence of Gazprom - a Russian national company – in the region seems more logical than, for example, that of the British Petroleum, whose stockholders are mainly from the other side of the English Channel or the other side of the Atlantic.

Project Syndicate is not, however, the only one denouncing Russia’s influence.
The British conservative former Transportation and Energy Minister and also spokesman of the House of the Lords, David Howell, shows his concern in the Japan Times about the Russian-Ukrainian crisis. He believes that this shows that Russia is not a reliable partner and that Europe, and particularly the United Kingdom, can not count on the Russian gas at the risk of endangering their energy security.
In Los Angeles Times, Rajan Menon, of the New America Foundation, and Oles M. Smolansky, professor of Foreign Relations at the University of Lehigh, express their pleasure after the Kiev-Moscow accord but regret that “the West” did not do more to help Kiev. The authors affirm that Ukraine won the battle against Russia, which was trying to extort money from Ukraine and trying to punish Kiev for getting closer to NATO. The authors believe that if the controversy emerges again, “the West” should use Russia’s candidature for the World Trade Organization (WTO) to press Moscow and to prevent Russia from taking it out on Ukraine. However, the terms of their recommendation are contradictory. Precisely, Russia should liberalize its gas market to enter the WTO and, thus, eliminate preferential prices that benefit some of its neighbors, like Ukraine.
As it is clear, the snake systematically bites its own tail in any strategic reflection when it tries to ignore our dependent position, certainly humiliating, with respect to the Russian, Iraqi or Iranian resources. Retaking a recent comment by the Iranian president, we need Iran more than they need us. Let us sit and have a dialogue, since calling them totalitarian for their willingness to control their own resources will lead us only to a conflict. The people of Russia, Iraq and Iran are more educated than what common prejudices may lead us to think they are, and they will not let themselves be easily deceived.

Voltaire Network




2 February 2006

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Themes
 Oil and Energy Ressources
 New Cold War: the Anti-Russian Strategy

Authors and Sources of Op-Eds Decyphered

“Will Russia control Europe thanks to oil?”

Author Alexander Etkind

Alexander Etkin is professor of Russian studies at Cambridge University.

Sources Daily Star (Lebanon), Taipei Times (Taiwan), Korea Herald (South Korea), Daily Times (Pakistan), La Vanguardia (Spain)
Reference

’Oil-for-skills’ scheme fortifies Russian regime”, by Alexander Etkind, Taipei Times, January 13, 2006.
Paradojas del petróleo y gas ruso”, La Vanguardia, January 13, 2006.
Russia’s ’oil-for-knowledge’ scheme”, Korea Herald, January 14, 2006.
Illiberal Russia produces oil growth, but can it enjoy this?”, Daily Star, January 17, 2006.
Russia’s ‘oil-for-knowledge’ scheme”, Daily Times, January 19, 2006.

Summary

Taking into account the kind of car you have is not important, because every time you fill up the tank you’re paying for the equivalent of what a Russian teacher makes a month. You’re also contributing to finance an archaic, inefficient and evil regimen. Russia began its G8 presidency by unleashing a gas-related war with Ukraine. By practically having the monopoly of supplies to Ukraine, Russia believed it could set prices to benefit itself. But, on its part, Ukraine virtually owns other supplies. Therefore, Russia had to give in as soon as gas deliveries to western Europe began to drop.
Today, the Russian economy depends on gas and oil. Since the value of these resources has increased, salaries are raised too and, consequently inflation appears. To limit it, the Russian government credits a part of the profits to a stabilization fund. But, due to the fact that the Kremlin does not trust its own stocks and bonds, the stabilization fund invests in western securities. Thus, the government misses the opportunity to modernize cities, roads, hospitals and universities of Russia. The inflation goes up and the rent is so expensive that the population is forced to commit illegalities or to live in poverty.
Russia is the example of a sad reality of our times: countries that are far from being democracies can develop themselves faster or even more than freer societies. When you have oil, buyers is all you need to be rich. Most countries with rich natural resources are not democratic. Russia used western technology and management practices to develop oil production. The first ones to do it were men like Michael Khodorkovski, who were replaced with better-placed people. But foreign leaders do not pay attention to this; some, like Gerhard Schröder, even manage subsidiaries of Gazprom.
Nowadays, Russia exchanges oil for knowledge-derived products without investing in the formation of its own specialists. It does not have the necessary amount of geologists, economists, lawyers...a gang of politicians is enough for them. In this context, educated people are dangerous and treated and even hounded as suspects, as has been done with the NGOs or opposition parties. Elections are null and void or falsified. And neighbouring countries which have no oil are blackmailed. Since they depend on gas, oil and multinational companies, G8 countries are very tolerant with current president Vladimir Putin. But perhaps the arrogance of Russian leaders has gone beyond what the West is willing to tolerate. Western societies should boycott the Russian gas.


“Ukraine’s gas settlement: the wrong solution”

Author Yuliya Tymoshenko

Ukrainian multimillionaire, Yuliya Tymoshenko is Prime Minister of Ukraine. Leads the Homeland Party, next to Viktor Yushchenko and played a central role in the “Orange Revolution”.

Sources Taipei Times (Taiwan), Daily Times (Pakistan), El Tiempo (Colombia)
Reference

Ukraine’s gas settlement: The wrong solution”, by Yulia Tymoshenko, Taipei Times, January 9, 2006.
Ukraine comes in from the cold”, Daily Times, January 9, 2006.
Ucrania llega del frío”, El Tiempo, January 10, 2006.

Summary

Europe’s sigh of relief when the gas dispute between Russia and Ukraine was supposedly over could even be heard in Kiev. But this settlement, which leaves Ukraine’s energy requirements to the mercy of a nonexistent company linked to a gang of international criminals, brings about more problems than solutions. This is the reason why I have presented a legal action.
The settlement between Ukraine and Gazprom, the Russian state-owned company, leaves Ukraine’s energy-related future to the mercy of RosUkrEnergo, a criminal excrescence attached to our gas company thanks to former president Leonid Kuchma. RosUkrEnergo controls gas imports from central Asia in Ukraine and the agreement signed allows it to keep that control. Since I worked in the gas industry, I know it’s completely corrupted. When I was Prime Minister I demanded an investigation into RosUkrEnergo and I found out who its owners were and what they did to control imports. But, as soon as I was replaced, it was all forgotten. Ukraine’s and Europe’s supplies wont be guaranteed as long as gas is controlled by non transparent companies.
The settlement also brings up the problem with regard to Ukraine’s position in Europe. As any other country, Ukraine’s relations with the rest of the world depend on four factors which are extremely linked: history, patriotism, national interests and geography. Ukraine has an strategic interest in the development of free trade, in open markets throughout the world, in having democratic and prosperous neighbours and in preventing conflicts between the West and Russia to avoid being the battlefield. Risks in the “post-Soviet era” are still serious. Therefore, Ukraine wants to be included in the European Union.
The proposal of making a gas pipeline in the Baltic to deliver gas to Germany in a direct way from Russia without going through Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states and the rest of Central Europe is risky somehow for it would allow Gazprom to interrupt the supplies to its customers whenever it wishes without jeopardizing its supplies to its favourite western markets. Ukraine tries to guarantee its security and stability. We can’t accept agreements that will leave us at the mercy of non transparent companies.


“New players and new stakes in a new gas war”

Author Anders Aslund

Anders Aslund is a former Swedish diplomat who became an economic advisor of the transitional regimes in Russia, Ukraine and Kirghizstan. After directing the Stockholm Institute of East European Economics and working for the Brookings Institution, he is currently the director of the economic researches program of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Moscow. A member of the Bilderberg Group, he is the chairman of the Consultative Committee of the Center for Social and Economic Research (Warsaw). His latest work is titled: Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. He is signatory of the 115 Atlantis’s call against Putin.

Source Moscow Times (Russia)
Reference

New Players and New Stakes in a New Gas War”, by Anders Aslund, Moscow Times, January 12, 2006.

Summary

Between 2000 and 2001, Ukraine and Russia adopted reforms to limit gas prices that benefited the oligarchs. A contract was signed between the two countries as well as an agreement on prices. After the orange revolution, Russia and Ukraine made known their discontent with regard to the said agreement. Russia wanted to have prices similar to those of the market and Ukraine demanded better trade relations. Both demands were understandable.
However, the agreement signed on January 4 and made public by Yulia Tymoshenko brings about many doubts. The contract only covers a six-month period and fixes a price of 95 dollars per 1 000 cubic meters of gas without stipulating what the price will be in the following six months. The agreement also establishes the sale of 34 billion cubic meters when Ukraine needs an additional 21 billion. What’s not included in the contract will be bought from Turkmenistan at 50 dollars per 1 000 cubic meters during six months and at 60 dollars in the following six months. The agreement does not stipulates the cost of transportation in the Russian territory. This means Ukraine buys at a lower price than that of the market for six months but, afterwards, negotiations must be resumed.
Based on the way it’s been written, the agreement affects public company Gazprom but benefits RosUkrEnergo, a private society that, according to Yulia Tymoshenko is owned by people closed to Vladimir Putin, and Igor Seckin in particular.
Nonetheless, and taking into account the way in which it’s been written, the agreement is not bad for Ukraine. The vote of the Parliament against the Ukrainian government is, above all, a sign of changes in the alliance at its very heart.


“Economic imperialism in Russia”

Authors Frederick Starr, Vladimer Papava

Ex president of the Aspen Institute, Frederick Starr chairs the Central Asia Caucasus Institute of the School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, Washington.

Vladimer Papava was Minister of Economy of Georgia.

Sources Daily Star (Lebanon), Korea Herald (South Korea), Daily Times (Pakistan)
Reference

Economic imperialism in Russia, by Frederick Starr and Vladimer Papava, Korea Herald, January 20, 2006.
In the Caucasus, a ’neo-imperial’ Russian revival”, Daily Star, January 20, 2006.
Russia turning to entrapment with its satellite states”, Taipei Times, January 20, 2006.

Summary

Russia’s use of gas to exert pressures upon Ukraine has provoked concern in the West. However, pressures upon Georgia are even stronger although less noticed. In Georgia, as well as in Ukraine, Vladimir Putin wants to apply the doctrine of the liberal empire formulated by Anatoli Chubais, chairman of the United Energy System. It’s goal is to create a new Russian empire by means of money and not tanks.
The first stage of this strategy was aimed at controlling the economy of Armenia. Afterwards, it had to be integrated into a unified economic zone with Russia but, in view of the Georgian interests in the country, Tbilisi had to be controlled first. This is what Russia tried to do with political pressures first and economic pressures later. The plan was interrupted by the Rose Revolution but the Russian companies managed to obtain, at least, the shares of the Georgian companies.
The main actor of the Russian foreign policy in Georgia is Gazprom. Its goal is to control the gas industry in Georgia and the gas pipeline that provides supplies to Georgia and Armenia. Russia could succeed in this without the support of the West. It could also count on Russian state-owned bank Vnershtogbank which has already taken control of several banks in Armenia and Georgia. Gradually, Russia extends its imperial influence. An influence which may even include the annexation of Abkhazia.
If the West does not react, the southern part of the Caucasus could become anti-western oriented and then be part of the Russia-Iran alliance.


“Gas as a weapon of choice”

Author David Howell

David Howell was British Conservative Secretary of State for Energy and Transport and Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons. Today, he is the spokesman of the opposition in the House of Lords with regard to Foreign Relations affairs.

Source Japan Times (Japan)
Reference

Gas as a weapon of choice”, by David Howell, Japan Times, January 13, 2006.

Summary

What did the Russian expect? Since the beginning, it was known that their threat of cutting off gas supplies to Ukraine would have a negative effect on them too. First of all, putting the threat into practice was very difficult. 90% of the Russian gas directed to western Europe goes through Ukraine. What Ukrainians have to do in case of a blockade is to divert that gas by saying they have the right to do it.
Therefore, the only explanation is that the threat had not commercial purposes. It was a punishment of Ukraine for Víktor Yushchenko’s pro-western policy. That’s not a good policy for its only consequence is to weaken Russia’s image as a reliable supplier of gas, an industry where image is vital.
Even during the Soviet era, the USSR was seen as a reliable partner with regard to gas supplies. Russia’s transition to capitalism relieved Europe even more, an Europe that continued developing the use of gas for energy. The United Kingdom did the same thing and the British energy sector increased gas consumption from 1 or 2% in 1980 to 30% nowadays. Consequently, today London depends on Russia too. The gas coming from the Gulf could be used as substitute but it could also be missing. Fortunately, Norway is still discovering more gas reserves.


“Russia’s thuggery backfires”

Authors Rajan Menon, Oles M. Smolansky

Rajan Menon is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the New America Foundation and President of the Euro-Asia political studies of the National Bureau of Asian Research. He is a professor of international relations at Lehigh University.


Oles M. Smolansky is a professor of International Relations at Lehigh University.

Source Los Angeles Times (United States)
Reference

Russia’s thuggery backfires”, by Rajan Menon and Oles M. Smolansky, Los Angeles Times, January 8, 2006.

Summary

Russia and Ukraine put an end to their controversies regarding natural gas pricing. Ukraine will pay more, but less than what Russia had demanded at the beginning. That is the good news. The bad news is that the West did not take sides in the outcome.
Gazprom had requested to increase gas prices up to 400% for a Ukraine which is facing financial difficulties. Since Kiev was dependant upon Russia by 30% of its gas, Russia was then expecting to consolidate its presence in Ukraine, undermine the pro-western policy of Víktor Yushchenko and punish the rapprochement of Ukraine to the West. However, Ukraine counterattacked by claiming its sovereignty over the Kerch strait and authorized NATO ships to sail in the Sea of Azov. Ukraine also threatened to withdraw from the CIS. Russia then threatened back, and by doing that, Gazprom showed that it was just a Kremlin’s instrument. The company had ascertained it was willing to adjust its prices as per the World Bank, but it failed to do so with Belarus, an allied of Vladimir Putin. The Russian President was seen as an extorter of funds.
The European Union only assisted Ukraine because its gas supply was compromised and feared a cold winter. The West should do more to help Ukraine and exploit Russia’s ambitions in the international arena and WTO to soothe Russia-Ukraine relations.


“Russian gas, a weapon to threaten Europe”

Author Ali Ouhida

Ali Ouhida is a journalist of the newspaper AlarabOnline, based in London. He works from Brussels, where he is a correspondent of several publications such as “Palestine-info” and others. He is specialized in European Union matters.

Source Alarabonline.org
Reference

روسيا تشهر سلاح الغاز فى وجه أوروبا″, by Ali Ouhida, AlarabOnlie, December 26, 2005.

Summary

The Russian gas seems to be the unexpected and fundamental element that hampers Brussels’s expansionist will to the former Russian protectorates.
Since long ago, the Kremlin has been dealing with a plan conceived by the European Union and NATO to take over the pro-Russian area. In order to face the Euro-Atlantic adventure, the Russian gas seems to be its last card in this confrontation between Moscow and Brussels. The crisis between Russia and Ukraine regarding gas supply represents the sensitive side of the energy equation between Moscow and Europe. The European Union seems unable to defend Ukraine, which is considered, since a year ago, a new ally, because the Kremlin has a lethal weapon in its conflict with Europe, the energy, which would prevent the old continent from supporting Eastern European countries. Besides, the recruitment of various senior European officials and possible recruitment of former US officials by Moscow in the area of hydrocarbons, has shown up to what extend the Russians are planning to use the energy factor to determine its future and that of its enemies.
European sources in Brussels are expecting a fierce war against Russia in the energy sector as of this year. In this regard, Javier Solana, one of whose main objectives is to weaken Russia, still refuses to comment on the current crisis. The Russian energy threat only involves Ukraine, but affects the rest of the allied countries of the EU that depend on the Kremlin’s energy resources. Similarly, some experts talk about Russia’s will to control the whole market of European gas, taking into account the decrease of production in the countries like Norway, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Moscow’s objective, three months before the Ukrainian elections, is to overthrow the current pro-European government. Likewise, the European members in Brussels have eventually started to abandon Ukraine, its allied of yesterday.


“Gas, oh, gas! Heat for Russia…and cold for the West”

Author Adel Samara

Dr Adel Samara is a journalist of the newspaper AlarabOnline. He is also director of the Eastern Center for Cultural Studies.

Source Alarabonline.org
Reference

الغاز وما أدراك ما الغاز! التّدفئة لروسيا... التّجمد للغرب″, by Dr. Adel Samara, AlarabOnline, January 15, 2006.

Summary

The West has always made us believe that we, the Arabs, are the ones who decide everything in the oil market. But it has never been the case. Even worse, the Arabian petro-countries cannot even determine the fate of their own energy sources.
The current oil crisis is, in fact, caused by Russia. But, is it about the Russian state or about its oil companies? It is still unknown. Vladimir Putin seems to have taken full control not only over the Russian state, but also over its oil companies, especially after sending the “Zionist-western” Mijaíl Jordorkovsky to prison.
The US-European rallies against Moscow are normal, even though the latter did not proceed illegally since it has absolute power to sell its gas to Ukraine at market prices, the western market. Doesn’t Russia have the right to prevent Kiev from stealing its gas? Putin should deal with the will of US-European capitalism, whose objective is to devour eastern Europe within NATO. Ukraine has to pay for its treason by joining the new lover. The agents from the West have to know that the latter cannot protect them from cold, and the West itself was born to take and never give anything. The economic situation in Ukraine is increasingly worse. That is why, there is no doubt that the Russian blow is well calculated. Putin wants to remind Ukrainian citizens that they can find a much better heat in the arms of their traditional allied than in those of their enemies.
The major oil companies from the West, whose policies are run by Kissinger, Thatcher, the Bush family and others, are wrong when they believe, after Afghanistan and Iraq were occupied, that they had taken control of the world oil market. The current crisis confirms the concept of US uni-polarity is not exactly like this. The evidence is no other than the questioning of the capitalist system, as a result of a small oil crisis, which can only mean the first blow in a list of Russian measures intended to strengthen Moscow’s power in the international arena.


 



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