Highlighting the difficulty of implementing a Western tailor-made process
without heeding local and regional circumstances, Omro Hamzawi, senior
fellow at the Washington-based Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
said: "The availability of a democratic model that can be exported
everywhere is nonsense and has no moral credibility because of the U.S.
tragedies and disasters in Iraq."

"Democracy," said Hamzawi, "is a popular demand in some countries (but)
not so in the Gulf region as the people don’t suffer severe economic
problems and have different concerns."
"The situation here is completely
different and each case should be handled separately. Democracy is
unacceptable if it affects the culture it is meant to govern in a negative
way."

Stated the secretary general of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Abdul
Rahman bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, at a conference organised by the Emirates
Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, earlier this month: "The more we
try to find home grown solutions for (regional) crises, while avoiding the
image of reforming under foreign pressure, the more successful we will be in
achieving reforms and realistic policies."

Suggesting areas that require immediate focus, Al-Attiyah said,
"Domestically, there should be a way to effectively implement a policy of
modernisation and combat social problems such as poverty and illiteracy,
while embarking on a path towards democratisation and activating the role of
civil society organisations."

While the reforms debate is invariably linked to the resolution of the
Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the past, Iraq is now increasingly cited as
an example of how "foreign" solutions are not suited for the region.

Stating that the war in Iraq and the U.S. pressures on the Middle East
countries were having a negative impact, Bourhan Ghalioun, director of the
Paris-based Centre for Contemporary Oriental Studies at the Sorbonne
University, said, "Since the U.S. administration came up with its plan to
promote democracy in the Middle East and to stir economic development in the
region in order to encounter the "culture" that breeds terrorism, the
administration made deadly mistakes because it linked its project with
protecting Israeli interests."

He explained: "The war to democratise Iraq was the most valuable gift the
American administration has ever given the dictator regimes in the Arab
world. It is a practical example of what democracy means as seen by the
Americans. Arab nations see the war in Iraq as an exercise to secure oil
supplies from the region and to destroy an Arab country for the best
interests of Israel."

Even ordinary citizens believe that, while new and innovative ideas and
viewpoints must be considered, local cultural and social conditions must be
at the forefront while conceptualising reforms for the region.

Amer Moustafa, an Arab working in an oil company, said, "Many countries in
the region have new leaders and they are taking constructive steps in
improving the political systems. But democracy cannot be achieved in a short
period. It will be successful only if it is planned in stages and takes our
culture into account. Simply following a Western model will be disastrous."

Some experts, however, insist that a combination of Western ideals and
internal reforms would achieve the right balance and urged countries in the
region to keep an open mind while contemplating reforms.

While agreeing that pressure will not work, Dawood Al-Azdi, an academic,
reiterated that Arab nations should cooperate with the West rather than
getting involved in conflict. "Our success in democratisation lies in
creating a forum for multilateral dialogue, which can create an atmosphere
of mutual trust."

Al-Azdi suggested that Arabs could adapt India’s democratic system. "They
(the Indians) have their problems and they are addressing them and we too
should address ours. We can start from the beginning by uprooting corruption
and adopting transparency."

Ghalioun said he would go with "pressure", but with a difference. "It is
crucial for reforms in the Arab world because civil society organisations
are weak,"
he said. "It would perhaps be more acceptable if this pressure
was exerted on Arab regimes by international bodies such as the United
Nations rather than by the U.S."

The current debate also suggests that while reforms are best served if they
are implemented by the governments themselves depending on their
determination and preparedness, they should not be hastily rejected if
enforced by foreign parties.

Experts, however, warn that the reform process could face several obstacles.
Some stress that reformists should focus their efforts on education to
achieve reforms in the Arab world as people in the region had developed an
"unjustifiable paranoia" against all kinds of reforms, including
education, as the project had been promoted by Western governments following
the September 2001 attacks on the U.S.

Ebrahim Guider, director general of the Cairo-based Arab Labour
Organisation, said Arabs also need to achieve economic development to
overcome the problem of rising unemployment. "It is a time bomb that might
explode at any timeàThe problem lies with corrupt governments, which are
hindering the integration of Arab countries,"
he said.